Self-sufficient unmanned systems like computer vision products increasingly become essential in managing the data and supporting producers in making decisions in the livestock environment. Image classification is one of the most famous missions for machine learning (ML) methods and its goal is to detect the objects in the frames. The main objective of the research was to investigate whether the classification of two breeds, Hereford and Simmental, often confused with each other due to their morphological similarities, via image processing, is helpful in the case of livestock production. 600 images of different individuals from Hereford (300) and Simental (300) cattle breeds were included in the study. The Fully Connected Neural Networks (FCNN) were established estimate the breeds. Modelling of artificial neural networks, image processing and all other analyses was conducted with EBimage and Keras packages in R language on a PC with 11. Gen. i7 CPU and CUDA supported GPU model of RTX 3060. The results show only 17 were inaccurate in 600 images in total with an accuracy greater than 97%. The training process of the model was executed in 69 seconds. At the end of the investigation, it was clarified that the use of FCNN in livestock would be beneficial in terms of breed classification via image recognition.

Although the hemoglobin polymorphism has been reported in European, American, African and Indian breeds of cattle, however this study is the first one which reports haemoglobin phenotype in Iranian breed of cattle. For electrophoretic determination of Hb phenotypes in adult Iranian breeds of Cattle, 147 blood samples, including 48 Samples from adult Sistani breed, 45 samples from adult sarabi breed and 55 samples from adult Golpayegani breed were collected. Hb concentration was quantified by cyanometha hemoglobin method, then different phenotypes of Hb were determined on cellulose acetate electrophoresis, the percentage and concentration of different types of Hb was measured by densitometery method. The following results obtained from electrophoretic determination of Hb in adult Iranian breeds of cattle, which being reported for the first time in Iran. 1) In adult Sistani breed phenotypes including AAB with incidence of 50%, A2A with incidence of 41.47% and A2B with incidence of 8.33% were identified. 2) In adult Golpayegani breed two phenotypes including A2AB with incidence of 29.63%, and AA with incidence of 70.37% were observed. 3) In adult Sistani breed only one phenotype (A) was identified. 4) One of the most important finding in the present research, which is being reported for the first time, is the observation of Hb A2, which is likely to be a special characteristic of Sistani and Golpayegani breeds of cattle. 5) Since there is only one phenotype of Hb, (HbA), in adult Sarabi breed, we can use this specific character in determination of breed originally of Sarabi cattle. 6) Regardless of the effects of age, sex, breed and different phenotypes, means (±SE) of total Hb concentration, percentage and concentration of different types of Hb in 147 blood samples obtained from adult Iranian breeds of cattle are as follows. Total Hb concentration: 12.27±0.015 (gr/dI); HbA2 % 1.27±0.09; HbA% 83.13±2.09; HbB% 15.48±2.07, HbA2 concentration: 0.23±0.27 grid I), HbA concentration: 10.09±0.27 (grid I), and HbB concentration: 2.0 1±0.27(gr/d I).

Casein is a family of milk proteins that exists in several molecular forms and is the main protein present in the bovine milk. The B variant of bovine k-casein is reported to be favorable for quality and quantity of cheese derived from milk and considered to be included in breeding strategies of dairy cattle. Genotypes of 72 Russian Black Pied and 80 Red Pied cows were determined for kappa casein locus by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP) of amplified DNA. A 530 bp. fragment of the genomic bovine kappa casein gene was amplified by PCR. Digests by Hind III thus genotypes AA, AB and BB, were recognized by agarose gel electrophoresis. This technique was used to determine the kappa casein allelic frequency in Black and Red Pied dairy herds. Estimated gene frequencies were 0.83, 0.69 for A, and 0.17, 0.31 for B alleles, for Black and Red Pied breeds, respectively. The heterozygosis of 0.28, 0.50 for Black and Red Pied breeds, respectively were observed. This molecular genetic technique based on molecular markers allows direct genotyping for milk Kappa casein with certainty and accuracy in bulls and females an can be used in programs of dairy cattle improvement. Therefore, an early and precise identification of milk protein genotypes should have a direct impact on dairy cattle breeding strategies.    

The present study was carried out to estimate levels of genomic inbreeding based on ROH (FROH) analysis in the two Iranian native cattle populations including Sarabi and Najdi, as well as comparing the FROH estimates with other inbreeding estimates obtained based on the genomic relationship matrix (FGRM), percentage of homozygous SNPs (FHOM) and pedigree information (FPed). To do this, 213 and 211 samples were randomly selected from Sarabi and Najdi populations, respectively. The samples were genotyped using the Illumina BeadChip40K v2 microchip. In addition, 30 samples of Holstein dairy cattle of Iran provided by Animal Breeding Center of Iran, were included in the analysis. Genomic analysis was performed using CFC, Excel, Plink, SNeP programs. A total of 2030 haplo-blocks were identified in the populations. The highest and lowest number of ROH segments (ROHs) was observed within Najdi and Sarabi Population, respectively. Furthermore, ROH length were found to be significantly different among breeds (p < 0. 05). Najdi population had the highest number of ROH across different categories of ROH length (4-8Mb, 8-16Mb and >16Mb). Maximum correlation coefficient among the estimated inbreeding coefficients was obtained between FPed and FROH>4Mb (0. 592) in the Sarabi population (p < 0. 001). The results of this study indicate that presence of inbreeding at least in the five early generations of the studied native populations and the conservation programs must be taken to manage the inbreeding levels in both populations.

This study aimed to identify genes that show signatures of selection for mutations in Iranian native cattle breeds. The data consisted of genotypes for ~777962 SNP markers of 90 animals from eight Iranian native cattle breeds distributing over the country. Therefore, the aim was to identifying divergently selected regions of the genome. Study of population differentiation across the genome using Weir and Cockerham’ s FST test revealed some regions showing evidence of selection. Across the 30 bovine chromosomes (BTA), seven putative selection signatures were detected. These regions were located on chromosomes 1, 2, 7, 8, 12, 13 and X. Finally, study of the reported QTL regions in the orthologous areas of the cattle genome showed that the genomic regions identified in this study overlapped with the reported QTL representing economically important traits such as milk yield, cold tolerance and reproductive traits. Result of this research provided important information on existence of genetic diversity and selection signatures in Iranian native cattle.

The aim of this study was assess the performance and carcass characteristics of. a number of96 adult male and female pigeons were used in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 12 replicates (with local names: 1- Qazvin's Kabood.2- Parvazi.3- Koohy namebar.4- Tehran's Sefid). All birds were randomly located in single cages. (each cage had 2 birds (male and female) as one replicate). The diet was prepared using two kind of grains including wheat and bitter vetch. The feeders were filled every morning and the residues were weighed in the next day. The chicks were hatched and grown up alternately in a couple of cages and slaughtered at 30 days of age after 12 hours feed restriction. Average feed intake (eaten by parents and chicks) for producing a couple of mature chicks (30 days old) was 3956.4 grams. Average of feed intake in first and third treatments was not different, but a significant difference was observed (P<0.05) between first, second and fourth treatments. The average weight of birds' carcass ready to cook in first and third treatments were 242, 8 and 257, 2 grams and the difference was not significant. The average of feed conversion ration for the breeds were 5.69, 5.85, 5.61 and 5.68 respectively.